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This measures the location of the heated bubble within the dome. When the dome is accelerated, the colder, higher density fluid pushes the heated bubble. The measured temperature changes. The temperature measurement is interpreted as acceleration. The fluid provides the damping. Gravity acting on the fluid provides the spring. Since the proof mass is very lightweight gas, and not held by a beam or lever, thermal accelerometers can survive high shocks.
Another variation uses a wire to both heat the gas and detect the change in temperature. The change of temperature changes the resistance of the wire. A two dimensional accelerometer can be economically constructed with one dome, one bubble and two measurement devices. Most micromechanical accelerometers operate in-plane , that is, they are designed to be sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the die.
By integrating two devices perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding another out-of-plane device, three axes can be measured. Such a combination may have much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging. Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges, reaching up to thousands of g ' s.
The designer must compromise between sensitivity and the maximum acceleration that can be measured. Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. Accelerometers can be used to measure vibration on cars, machines, buildings, process control systems and safety installations.
They can also be used to measure seismic activity , inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without the influence of gravity. Applications for accelerometers that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically configured for use in gravimetry , are called gravimeters. Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency recordings of bi-axial [9] or tri-axial acceleration [10] allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while animals are out of sight.
Furthermore, recordings of acceleration allow researchers to quantify the rate at which an animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency [11] or measures such as overall dynamic body acceleration [12] Such approaches have mostly been adopted by marine scientists due to an inability to study animals in the wild using visual observations, however an increasing number of terrestrial biologists are adopting similar approaches.
For example, accelerometers have been used to study flight energy expenditure of Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus. Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, pumps , [16] fans, [17] rollers, [18] compressors , [19] [20] or bearing fault [21] which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs.
Accelerometer vibration data allows the user to monitor machines and detect these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely. Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to dynamic loads.
Dynamic loads originate from a variety of sources including:. Under structural applications, measuring and recording how a structure dynamically responds to these inputs is critical for assessing the safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Health Monitoring, which usually involves other types of instruments, such as displacement sensors -Potentiometers, LVDTs, etc. Within the last several years, several companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that include footpods , containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit.
In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day. Herman Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training. It has been suggested to build football helmets with accelerometers in order to measure the impact of head collisions.
Accelerometers have been used to calculate gait parameters , such as stance and swing phase. This kind of sensor can be used to measure or monitor people. An inertial navigation system is a navigation aid that uses a computer and motion sensors accelerometers to continuously calculate via dead reckoning the position, orientation, and velocity direction and speed of movement of a moving object without the need for external references.
Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and many other variations. An accelerometer alone is unsuitable to determine changes in altitude over distances where the vertical decrease of gravity is significant, such as for aircraft and rockets. In the presence of a gravitational gradient, the calibration and data reduction process is numerically unstable.
Accelerometers are used to detect apogee in both professional [29] and in amateur [30] rocketry. Accelerometers are also being used in Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are used alongside gyroscopes in inertial navigation systems. One of the most common uses for MEMS accelerometers is in airbag deployment systems for modern automobiles. In this case, the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the collision.
Another common automotive use is in electronic stability control systems, which use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of accelerometers in the automotive industry has pushed their cost down dramatically. Tilting trains use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt.
Modern electronic accelerometers are used in remote sensing devices intended for the monitoring of active volcanoes to detect the motion of magma. Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices to detect the orientation of the device, for example, a display screen. A free-fall sensor FFS is an accelerometer used to detect if a system has been dropped and is falling.
It can then apply safety measures such as parking the head of a hard disk to prevent a head crash and resulting data loss upon impact.
This device is included in the many common computer and consumer electronic products that are produced by a variety of manufacturers. It is also used in some data loggers to monitor handling operations for shipping containers.
The length of time in free fall is used to calculate the height of drop and to estimate the shock to the package.
Some smartphones , digital audio players and personal digital assistants contain accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to present landscape or portrait views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held.
Apple has included an accelerometer in every generation of iPhone , iPad , and iPod touch , as well as in every iPod nano since the 4th generation. Along with orientation view adjustment, accelerometers in mobile devices can also be used as pedometers , in conjunction with specialized applications.
Automatic Collision Notification ACN systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Many accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download.
ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength accelerations. Accelerometers are used in vehicle Electronic stability control systems to measure the vehicle's actual movement. A computer compares the vehicle's actual movement to the driver's steering and throttle input. This can help prevent the vehicle from spinning or rolling over. Some pedometers use an accelerometer to more accurately measure the number of steps taken and distance traveled than a mechanical sensor can provide.
Nintendo's Wii video game console uses a controller called a Wii Remote that contains a three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input.
Users also have the option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the Nunchuk , so that motion input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently.
Is also used on the Nintendo 3DS system. The Sony PlayStation 3 uses the DualShock 3 remote which uses a three axis accelerometer that can be used to make steering more realistic in racing games, such as MotorStorm and Burnout Paradise. The Nokia sport features a 3D accelerometer that can be accessed from software. It is used for step recognition counting in a sport application, and for tap gesture recognition in the user interface. Tap gestures can be used for controlling the music player and the sport application, for example to change to next song by tapping through clothing when the device is in a pocket.
Other uses for accelerometer in Nokia phones include Pedometer functionality in Nokia Sports Tracker. Some other devices provide the tilt sensing feature with a cheaper component, which is not a true accelerometer.
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Archived from the original on 10 December BBC News. Retrieved 17 August Terrace with Kitchenette microwave, toaster, kettle ,minibar,t. Can accommodate four peoples 2 double beds. Situated in full town center close to restaurants, Each piece is handmade and unique, and cannot be exactly replicated. Slight variation may occur compared to the pictures.
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